INVISIBLE NETWORKS: THE ROLE of INFORMAL NETWORKS AND SOCIAL CAPITAL OPERATING OUTSIDE OFFICIAL INSTITUTIONS in DISASTER LOGISTICS SYSTEMS

Abstract

Literature in disaster management demonstrates that formal institutional structures alone are insufficient, and social networks that emerge at the societal level play a vital role during crises. Within the framework of social capital theory, Putnam (2000) demonstrates that social networks and trust relationships play a fundamental role in societal mobilization, cooperation, and the capacity for collective action. This study conducts an in-depth examination of the critical role of informally formed networks and social capital operating outside official institutions (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, Municipalities, Deputy Governors, and Provincial Directorates) in Turkish disaster logistics operations.

The 1999 Marmara Earthquake was a pivotal event in Turkey's modern disaster management history. The role that informal networks played in coordination, information sharing, and resource mobilization during this period has been documented in comprehensive research by Dikstra and Hansson (2007). The research results demonstrate that informal networks formed by local populations, volunteers, and small-scale enterprises in the earthquake zone operated parallel systems alongside formal institutions and played a decisive role in life-saving operations. These networks preserved institutional memory, transcended hierarchical barriers, and facilitated cooperation through social trust.

Research in network theory and social capital emphasizes the role that structural holes play in information flow and problem-solving speed. Burt (2005) notes that individuals and networks that serve as bridges between different groups and communities gain access to diverse information sources, enabling them to develop more creative and effective solutions. In the context of disaster logistics, this forms the theoretical foundation for informal networks filling coordination gaps between formal institutions.

Field research and in-depth interviews conducted after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes demonstrate that social capital's three dimensions—structural, relational, and cognitive—are determinative in informal network operations. Aldrich and Auster (1986) define these three dimensions of social capital as follows: the structural dimension refers to the configuration of network connections, the relational dimension encompasses trust and reciprocity norms developed through these connections, and the cognitive dimension consists of shared understanding and common objectives. In Turkey's disaster response system, these three dimensions operate together, enabling informal networks to produce rapid, flexible, and contextual solutions.

The limitations of formal coordination mechanisms in humanitarian logistics operations are discussed in detail in research by Kovács and Spens (2007). This research reveals that hierarchical structures, bureaucratic procedures, and inter-institutional communication problems in humanitarian disaster response impede rapid and effective distribution of resources. In contrast, informal coordination mechanisms created through social networks bypass traditional institutional channels and directly match resource demand with resource supply. This is of vital importance, particularly in rescue operations where the first 72 hours following an earthquake are critical.

In the field of social network analysis and relational sociology, Granovetter (1973) demonstrates in his "strength of weak ties" theory that informal and often seemingly limited network connections can be more effective than strong ties in the flow of information and resources. Weak ties connect individuals to different social groups, thus enabling the circulation of diverse and original information. Informal networks formed in Turkey's urban and rural areas consist of weak ties that transcend social class, ethnic origin, and geographic boundaries, thereby enabling the mobilization of diverse resources. Networks composed of different social groups such as small-scale entrepreneurs, retired military personnel and police officers, university youth, and local associations in the earthquake zone—are coordinated primarily through these weak ties rather than strong ties.

This study, conducted using qualitative research methods, reveals the multifaceted role that informal networks play in disaster logistics systems. In terms of institutional memory, knowledge pools created by experienced individuals following earthquakes partially compensate for formal institutions' yet-unestablished procedures. In terms of transcending hierarchical barriers, informal networks bypass bureaucratic channels and serve as mediators between local needs and central decisions. In terms of cooperation facilitated by social trust, pre-existing social bonds among people living in affected areas enable faster resource mobilization than stranger individuals and institutions.

The findings of this study demonstrate that informal networks and social capital do not merely play a complementary role in disaster management; rather, they fulfill a fundamental function by addressing core deficiencies in the formal system. The "erosion of social capital" problem emphasized by Putnam (2000) reverses in Turkey during crisis moments such as earthquakes, enabling social bonds to be reactivated. Therefore, the conscious integration of social capital and informal networks into disaster management policies and institutional design will enhance system flexibility, speed, and humanitarian effectiveness.